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Ivan the Russian ((ブルガリア語:Иван Русина), ''Ivan Rusina''; (ハンガリー語:Orosz Iván)) (fl. 1288/1323–1332) was a 14th-century Bulgarian military leader of Russian origin who served Bulgarian tsars Michael Shishman and Ivan Alexander. Prior to joining the armed forces of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Ivan the Russian may have been a military commander in the service of the Hungarian governor of Severin. Ivan the Russian rose to a high rank in the Bulgarian military in the wake of the accession of Michael Shishman to the throne. In 1323, he was in charge of the Bulgarian defence of Plovdiv during the prolonged and ultimately successful Byzantine siege of the city. In 1328, he was involved in a failed Bulgarian attempt to capture the Byzantine capital Constantinople from within. Probably taking part in the turbulent events that surrounded and followed Michael Shishman's death, Ivan the Russian was last mentioned as a representative of Ivan Alexander in 1332. ==Early years and siege of Plovdiv== Bulgarian historian Plamen Pavlov conjectures that Ivan the Russian was a Ruthenian born in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (centred on modern western Ukraine), a hypothesis based only on his ties to Hungary, the western neighbour of Galicia–Volhynia.〔Павлов.〕 Hungarian sources from 1288 make notice of one Russian named Ivan (''Iwan dicto Oroz'') as an ally of the ban of Severin, Theodore Vejtehi from the kindred Csanád,〔Vásáry, p. 124.〕 who was one of the nobles that opposed the rule of Charles I of Hungary in 1316–1317. The land to the south of Severin was governed for Bulgaria by the despot of Vidin, Michael Shishman, a supporter of Vejtehi. Thus, as the Hungarian king established his authority over Severin and suppressed Vejtehi's rebellion, Ivan the Russian may have fled to Vidin and entered the service of Michael Shishman. Ivan is thought to have been joined, as a commander subordinate to the despot of Vidin, by his personal forces which consisted of Hungarians and, presumably, Russians.〔 While Hungarian scholar György Györffy supports the identification of Ivan the Russian as the ''Iwan dicto Oroz'' of Hungarian chronicles, historian István Vásáry points to the lack of clear evidence and the large time span between the two.〔Vásáry, pp. 124–125.〕 Before that identification was proposed, it was considered that Ivan had arrived in Bulgaria after fleeing the Mongol conquest of Rus', much like another Russian in Bulgarian service, Jacob Svetoslav.〔 Either way, in 1323 Ivan's right-hand man was a Hungarian named Inas.〔〔The name is recorded as ''Inas'' () in Byzantine sources and it has been identified with the old Hungarian name ''Ina''. Vásáry, p. 124.〕 Michael Shishman's accession to the Bulgarian throne in 1323 meant that Ivan the Russian assumed an elite rank in the Bulgarian military hierarchy. Pavlov theorizes that he became ''protostrator'',〔 a title borrowed from Byzantium. The title was held by the second-in-command of the army and was approximate to the Western marshal. In the same year, Ivan was dispatched to the city of Plovdiv (Philippopolis) which had been recently conquered by Bulgaria after decades of Byzantine rule. With a one-thousand-strong cavalry force of Alans, Bulgarians〔Бакалов, “август, 1322 г.”〕 and possibly Hungarians〔 and two thousand infantrymen, Ivan was to defend the city from Byzantine raids. In that task he was assisted by his deputy Inas and the Alan chieftains Itil and Temir.〔〔Jireček, p. 418.〕 At the time, Ivan was already well-known even in Byzantium as a military commander.〔 The Bulgarian forces commanded by Ivan the Russian managed to withstand the four-month siege of Plovdiv undertaken by Andronikos III Palaiologos, claimant to the Byzantine throne, and his Bulgarian ally Voysil, despot of Kopsis.〔Vásáry, pp. 123–124.〕〔Иречек, p. 338.〕 In their attempts to capture the city, the Byzantines employed German specialists to construct a siege machine, from which they fired with crossbows at the Bulgarian defenders.〔Бакалов, “февруари, 1323 г.”〕 Despite the elaborate siege tactics, by the summer of 1323 the Bulgarians had not only retained the city, but also launched raids on nearby Byzantine-held fortresses in the Rhodope Mountains, such as Stenimachos (modern Asenovgrad) and Tsepina. Plovdiv was lost, however, to the Byzantines soon thereafter. As Ivan's forces were leaving the city to meet the Bulgarian garrison that was to replace them, the pro-Byzantine inhabitants of Plovdiv opened the city gates and let a covert Byzantine detachment in.〔〔Бакалов, “юни, 1323 г.”〕〔Vásáry, p. 126.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivan the Russian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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